Immobilized Staphylococcus aureus phospholipase C on calcium alginate-chitosan: improved performance and industrial potential in soybean oil refining
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phospholipases are versatile biocatalysts with wide applications in the food and oil industries due to their ability to hydrolyze phospholipids and improve product quality. In this study, production of an extracellular phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus (PLC S.a ) was optimized, purified, and its immobilization on calcium alginate-chitosan (CAC) was evaluated for soybean oil degumming. Statistical optimization significantly enhanced PLC S.a production, showing maximum yields during the exponential growth phase (232.5 U/mL at 34 h) and optimal activity at 37 °C and pH 7.5. Medium composition remarkably influenced enzymatic activity, with glucose (2%), bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1.5%), Tween 20/80 (0.5%–1%), and Zn 2+ /Ca 2+ (0.1%–0.3%) identified as the most effective enhancers. Immobilization markedly improved enzyme stability, thermal and pH tolerance, and catalytic efficiency compared to the free form. PLC S.a exhibited broad substrate specificity, showing maximum activity toward phosphatidylcholine, and maintained activity in the presence of bile salts and divalent cations. Biotechnological application demonstrated efficient reduction of phosphorus levels in soybean oil from 198 mg/kg to below 2.5 mg/kg within 10 h. Reusability assessment showed that immobilized CAC-PLC S.a retained 100% activity for two cycles, 85.5% after five cycles, and 60% after nine cycles, confirming its operational stability. These results highlighted the potential of immobilized PLC S.a as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and reusable biocatalyst for large-scale vegetable oil refining.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".