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The Mental Health Consequences of Non-Disclosure Agreements on Survivors of Workplace Discriminatory Harassment and Abuse

2025· article· en· W4416009479 on OpenAlex
Monnica T. Williams, Sonya C. Faber, Manzar Zare

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueRoutledge Open Research · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicBusiness Law and Ethics
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersCanada Research Chairs
KeywordsHarmAccountabilityHarassmentSilenceNarrativeMental healthAutonomySecrecyCognitive reframingRedress

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

<ns3:p>This paper examines how non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), when used to resolve allegations of workplace discriminatory harassment and abuse, function not as neutral legal resolutions but as mechanisms of secondary traumatization. By legally mandating silence, NDAs compound the powerlessness survivors experienced during the original assault into a binding contract, creating a persistent psychological injury that endures long after the precipitating events have ended. First, NDAs obstruct evidence-based trauma treatments, such as Prolonged Exposure, Cognitive Processing Therapy, and EMDR, that require survivors to recount and process their traumatic memories, thereby rendering these modalities clinically infeasible. Second, enforced secrecy severs survivors from essential support networks, preventing disclosure to family, friends, and partners, and fostering shame, isolation, and mistrust—each of which undermines relational healing and is known to predict poorer recovery outcomes. Third, by stripping survivors of narrative agency, NDAs eliminate opportunities for expressive meaning-making—through writing, art, scholarship, or advocacy—which can be critical for reconstructing self-identity and reclaiming autonomy after abuse. Fourth, NDAs perpetuate systemic cycles of abuse by shielding perpetrators from accountability and enabling repeat offenses, while the survivor, aware that their enforced silence may facilitate further victimization of others, endures a profound moral injury that deepens and complicates their trauma. Finally, the routine absence of clear information about these long-term psychological risks raises serious concerns about informed-consent. Drawing on clinical observations and the literature on trauma, secrecy, and institutional betrayal, this analysis concludes that NDAs inflict a distinct and enduring psychological injury that must be recognized in both legal practice and therapeutic settings. To facilitate effective, evidence-based healing, survivors must retain control over the disclosure of their own experiences, including the right to choose when, how, and with whom to share their stories.</ns3:p>

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.005
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.616
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0050.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.088
GPT teacher head0.402
Teacher spread0.313 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it