<i>N</i> -Glycoproteomic Portraits of <i>Bothrops</i> Snake Venoms Reveal Evolutionarily Conserved and Divergent Phenotypes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Glycosylation is a major protein post-translational modification in snake venom proteins and contributes to the diversification of proteomes. In this study, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the glycosylation profile of seven Bothrops venoms, including neutral sugar quantification, glycoprotein profiling by lectin blot, and determination of N -glycosylation sites in proteins and their N -glycan compositions, by direct, intact glycopeptide analysis by mass spectrometry. Interestingly, all identified N -glycosylated peptides were from enzymatic venom components, mainly proteolytic enzymes that are key in envenomation. All venoms revealed a prominent occurrence of fucose and sialic acid in all N -glycosylated toxins identified. The results indicated that in Bothrops venoms, there is an important level of variation in protein primary structure that is not restricted to regions containing N -sequons. Overall, the signatures of N -glycosylated and nonglycosylated peptide backbones and of N -glycan site occupation by different N- glycans revealed conservation of venom phenotype framework and diversification of N -glycan usage. Hence, the molecular mechanisms of toxin structure and function evolution are at the same time dynamic in that they involve a fine-tuning for the presence of distinct glycans as an evolutionary novelty and are subjected to some conservation that results in the clustering of Bothrops venoms according to the species phylogenetic classification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".