Accelerating inverse materials design using generative diffusion models with reinforcement learning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diffusion models promise to accelerate material design by directly generating novel structures with desired properties, but existing approaches typically require expensive and substantial labeled data ($>$10,000) and lack adaptability. Here we present MatInvent, a general and efficient reinforcement learning workflow that optimizes diffusion models for goal-directed crystal generation. For single-objective designs, MatInvent rapidly converges to target values within 60 iterations ($\sim$ 1,000 property evaluations) across electronic, magnetic, mechanical, thermal, and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, MatInvent achieves robust optimization in design tasks with multiple conflicting properties, successfully proposing low-supply-chain-risk magnets and high-$κ$ dielectrics. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, MatInvent exhibits superior generation performance under specified property constraints while dramatically reducing the demand for property computation by up to 378-fold. Compatible with diverse diffusion model architectures and property constraints, MatInvent could offer broad applicability in materials discovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".