Mass transfer and hydrodynamic analysis in triphasic aerobic epoxidation of limonene over Ru/ activated carbon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Gas-liquid-solid reaction • External mass transfer • Hydrodynamic analysis • Direct aerobic epoxidation • Biomass derived liquids This study investigates mass transfer in a triphasic stirred tank reactor during the aerobic epoxidation of limonene using Ru supported on activated carbon as a heterogeneous catalyst. The volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (k L a) was determined via the dynamic absorption method, based on oxygen uptake, referring to Danckwerts surface renewal model. Hydrodynamic parameters, including power input and Reynolds number were calculated to characterize the flow regimes, while bubble diameter and gas holdup were estimated to evaluate the interfacial area available for mass transfer. The Kolmogorov length scale was found significantly larger than the catalyst particle diameter, indicating negligible contribution of solid phase in the fluid carrier hydrodynamic conditions. Additionally, the Weisz-Prater number was much lower than one, confirming the absence of internal mass transfer limitations within the catalyst. Results demonstrate that increased turbulence enhances interfacial area and improves mass transfer, due to intensified bubble breakup, underscoring the importance of hydrodynamic control in optimizing catalytic aerobic epoxidation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".