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High-performance and geometrically complex parts via co-extrusion additive manufacturing of multi-scale continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites

2025· article· en· W4416040428 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueComposites Part B Engineering · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicAdditive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsThermoplastic compositesThermoplasticCarbon fibersComposite numberThermoplastic polymer

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Additive Manufacturing (CFRP-AM) often aims to significantly improve the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts. In this paper, we develop a CFRP-AM infrastructure able to print continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA-SCCF) via co-extrusion (i.e., extrusion-based in-situ combination of the thermoplastic matrix and the continuous fibers reinforcement). This infrastructure uses a 6-axis robot to move a co-extrusion printhead over a heated printing bed, and is controlled using a custom-made slicing process. A curved thin-walled vase and a multi-material sandwich panel are made in a single manufacturing step to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed infrastructure. Their geometrical fidelity is measured and their deviations from the reference model are both < 1%. Micro-computerized tomography scans ( μ CT) are performed to evaluate the micro and meso-structure of printed composite flat beams. Continuous fibers represent ∼ 44 vol.% ( ∼ 58 wt.%) of the composite while voids and porosities represent 0.4 vol.% and 7.9 vol.%, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and stiffness along the principal direction ( E 1 ) are tested for unidirectional flat beams and measured at 854 MPa and 29.5 GPa, representing 16 × and 6.4 × increases when compared to a part reinforced with ∼ 3.4 vol.% ( ∼ 4.5 wt.%) short carbon fibers only, of an average aspect ratio of ∼ 21. The developed co-extrusion CFRP-AM infrastructure could find applications in load-bearing applications where complex part geometries are a requirement, such as the automotive and aerospace industries.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.339
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.201
Teacher spread0.193 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it