Operation of Two-axis Tracking Monofacial and Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems in Humid Continental Climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract With the large-scale deployment of renewable energy, photovoltaic systems are installed worldwide, including in regions with humid continental climate. We present here the energy production of 2-axis tracking systems equipped with either monofacial or bifacial modules. We show that severe weather conditions, especially in winter, force the systems to operate in a degraded mode (i.e. 10° fixed tilt) that leads to yearly losses of ~4%. Other losses that include snow-induced losses lead to 12 and 9% additional losses for monofacial and bifacial systems, respectively. Bifacial modules are better suited than monofacial modules in the studied climate and system configuration, thanks to a higher sensitivity to albedo and higher ability to shed snow during winter, that both amplify the bifaciality gain during snowy months.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".