Reintroduction of an Endangered Butterfly, the Mottled Duskywing ( <i>Erynnis martialis</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many butterfly species around the world face a high risk of extinction, making reintroductions to restored or improved habitats an important tool for enhancing their long‐term viability. Despite their potential value, many reintroductions either fail because a suboptimal life stage was used as the founder population, or their effectiveness is difficult to assess because of a lack of postrelease monitoring. Using detailed postrelease surveys from 2021 to 2024, we report on the outcome of the first ever reintroduction of Mottled Duskywing ( Erynnis martialis ), a federally and provincially endangered butterfly, to Pinery Provincial Park, southwestern Ontario, Canada. While reintroducing Mottled Duskywing, we released different life stages to different sites within the park. At one site, after only 4 years, Mottled Duskywing reached densities of > 27 adults/ha through in situ reproduction, which was comparable to densities of the two largest extant Canadian populations > 700 km away. We provide evidence that pupal and adult founders are more effective life stages than larvae for reintroduction of this species, though the use of larval founders requires further testing. Our results demonstrate that Mottled Duskywing can be reintroduced to previously restored habitats in a relatively short period of time, although additional monitoring will be required to confirm the long‐term sustainability of the population. Our study provides a framework for future reintroductions of this species and an example of how life‐stage experiments can be combined with postrelease monitoring to provide critical information for best practices of butterfly reintroductions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".