<scp>FishSounds</scp> Versions 2 and 3: Achieving the Largest Global Database of Fish Sound Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Motivation Fish sounds are integral to a variety of ecological functions, including reproduction, predator–prey interactions and recruitment, with ever‐growing interest in their relationships to anthropogenic impacts and applications for passive acoustic monitoring. Until recently, however, fish sound production data were often not easily accessible, limiting research, management and public awareness. FishSounds.net launched in 2021 to compile and disseminate global fish sound production information and recordings. Here, we describe the subsequent FishSounds version releases 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 3.0 and 3.1 (cumulatively referred to as Versions 2 and 3). We updated the core dataset to include any fish species studied for sound production up until the year 2023. We added over 1000 new fish sound recordings, collated from FishSounds contributors or Cornell University's Macaulay Library. Connections with FishBase and the World Register of Marine Species were strengthened to improve the species information provided on FishSounds and facilitate data sharing. We also created several interactive visualisation tools, including a dendrogram and map view, to allow users to explore trends in known fish sound production. These updates have made FishSounds now the largest catalogue of fish sound production knowledge, utilised by over 17,000 users annually and featuring 1252 fish species studied across 1013 references as well as 1304 recordings. Main Types of Variables Contained Fish sound production information compiled from the scientific literature, representative fish sound recordings with associated metadata and supporting images and species data drawn from other repositories. Spatial Location and Grain Global. Time Period and Grain 1874–2023. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement Fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii). All sound production information and most recordings have species‐level identification, with any others identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Software Format The complete database is presented on FishSounds.net , with versioned image, audio, tabular and text files in a Borealis data repository.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.143 | 0.144 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".