Pregnancy-specific anxiety in fathers-to-be and same-gender partners: Scale validation and exploration of interdependence with expectant women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although high levels of anxiety during pregnancy are more prevalent in mothers than fathers, it has been suggested that anxiety is contagious in close relationships. Nonetheless, testing this hypothesis requires a measure of pregnancy-specific anxiety validated for fathers/partners. DESIGN: A longitudinal study including prenatal measurements at 10-23 weeks (T1) and between week 34 and delivery (T2) was conducted with 863 pregnant women, 346 future fathers and 3 same-gender partners. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analyses and invariance testing served to validate use of PSA with fathers/partners. Convergent validity with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was assessed. An actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) tested the contagion hypothesis and intraindividual stability. RESULTS: Results support metric invariance of the PSA between pregnant women and fathers/partners, meaning items contribute similarly to the latent factor, have good convergent and discriminant validity with the STAI and good stability, suggesting its validity when used with fathers/partners. However, we found no longitudinal prediction of PSA scores between pregnant women and fathers/partners. CONCLUSION: Although no direct anxiety contagion within the couple was found over the course of pregnancy, future studies should assess fathers'/partners' PSA to understand how it may affect their own and the couple's experience of the transition to parenthood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".