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Record W4416066791 · doi:10.4103/cjrm.cjrm_65_24

Understanding frostbite presentation and distribution of care in Ontario 2010–2018

2025· article· en· W4416066791 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
Yousuf Ahmed, Malcolm Davidson, Alexis Poole, Josianne Gauthier, Sarvesh Logsetty, Ian Macnairn, Lisa Allen, Haley Golding, Caitlin Champion

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Journal of Rural Medicine · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicBurn Injury Management and Outcomes
Canadian institutionsNOSM UniversityUniversity of AlbertaUniversity of ManitobaYukon Health and Social ServicesYukon UniversityInstitute for Clinical Evaluative SciencesUniversity of CalgaryDalhousie UniversityUniversity of TorontoSaint John Regional Hospital
Fundersnot available
KeywordsIncidence (geometry)FrostbitePresentation (obstetrics)Distribution (mathematics)Public healthEpidemiology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

INTRODUCTION: Frostbite is a cold-weather injury presenting a significant risk of functional morbidity due to amputation. There is a paucity of studies investigating the epidemiology and regional distribution of frostbite. We describe the characteristics of frostbite patients and their care in Ontario. METHODS: Data were collected from the Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences for adults over 18 years presenting to an Ontario emergency department from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2018. Patients were followed for 30-day readmission and additional treatments within 180 days of presentation. RESULTS: Five thousand three hundred and eleven patients presented with unique episodes of frostbite in Ontario. Most cases were classified as unspecified (n = 3775) or superficial (n = 1379) frostbite of the extremities, primarily in male patients with a mean age 40 and few comorbidities. Cases were seen across all income and marginalisation quintiles, with a trend towards more cases in greater Ontario Marginalization indices and a higher proportion of homelessness seen in deep frostbite presentations (10%) compared to superficial (4.4%) or unspecified (5.6%). Most cases (75%) presented to small or medium-sized non-academic hospitals. An increase in cases was seen in extreme cold winters in 2014 and 2015. CONCLUSION: Frostbite patients presented to small and medium non-academic hospitals with increased cases during extreme cold weather. While there was a trend towards more cases in lower-income and marginalised populations, frostbite impacted all segments of society. Frostbite education initiatives involving patients and providers have the potential to positively impact patient outcomes. INTRODUCTION: L'engelure est une blessure liée au froid qui comporte un risque important de morbidité fonctionnelle en raison d'amputations possibles. Peu d'études se sont intéressées à l'épidémiologie et à la répartition régionale des engelures. Nous décrivons ici les caractéristiques des patients atteints d'engelures et leur trajectoire de soins en Ontario. MTHODES: Les données proviennent de l'Institute for Clinical and Evaluative Sciences et concernent les adultes de 18 ans et plus ayant consulté à l'urgence en Ontario entre le 1er janvier 2010 et le 31 décembre 2018. Les patients ont été suivis afin d'évaluer les réadmissions dans les 30 jours et les traitements additionnels dans les 180 jours suivant la première consultation. RSULTATS: Au total, 5 311 patients ont consulté pour un épisode unique d'engelure en Ontario. La majorité des cas concernaient des engelures des extrémités, classées comme non spécifiées (n = 3 775) ou superficielles (n = 1 379), principalement chez des hommes âgés en moyenne de 40 ans et présentant peu de comorbidités. Les cas ont été observés dans tous les quintiles de revenu et de marginalisation avec une tendance plus marquée dans les indices de marginalisation élevés de l'Ontario (ONMARG). Une proportion plus grande de personnes en situation d'itinérance a été relevée parmi les engelures profondes (10%), comparativement aux engelures superficielles (4,4%) ou non spécifiées (5,6%). La plupart des patients (75%) se sont présentés dans de petits ou moyens hôpitaux non universitaires. Une hausse des cas a été observée durant les hivers extrêmement froids de 2014 et 2015. CONCLUSION: Les patients atteints d'engelures ont surtout été pris en charge dans de petits et moyens hôpitaux non universitaires, avec une incidence accrue lors des épisodes de froid extrême. Bien qu'une tendance à une plus grande incidence dans les populations à faible revenu et marginalisées ait été observée, l'engelure touche toutes les couches de la société. Des initiatives de sensibilisation auprès des patients et des professionnels de la santé pourraient améliorer les résultats cliniques.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.039
Threshold uncertainty score0.170

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.044
GPT teacher head0.283
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations2
Published2025
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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