Mistreatment and Discrimination during Childbirth, Associations with Symptoms of Childbirth-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Mediating Role of the Subjective Birth Experience: A Quantitative Analysis Within the Prospective Cohort Study RESPECTPARENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Mistreatment and discrimination during childbirth are a global public health concern. Such experiences can adversely affect the subjective birth experience and increase the likelihood of compromised postpartum mental health, including symptoms of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) not only in mothers/birthing parents, but also in partners. This study examines instances of mistreatment and discrimination during childbirth, their association with CB-PTSD symptoms, and the potential mediating role of the subjective birth experience in both parents. Methods: cohort, a German community sample. For the current study, data from n = 1075 mothers/birthing parents and n = 454 partners, collected at two assessment points, i.e., during pregnancy and eight weeks after birth, were included. Regression and mediation models were used to analyze the associations separately for mothers/birthing parents and partners. Results: Mistreatment during childbirth was reported by 25.8% of mothers/birthing parents and 6.8% of partners, whereas perceived discrimination was reported by 3.9% of mothers/birthing parents and 3.5% of partners. These experiences predicted more severe CB-PTSD symptoms among mothers/birthing parents. For both parents, experiencing more mistreatment and more discrimination was associated with a more negative subjective birth experience, which in turn was associated with more severe CB-PTSD symptoms, demonstrating a significant mediation effect. Conclusion: The current study indicates that mistreatment and discrimination during childbirth exist in Germany among both mothers/birthing parents and partners, potentially contributing to a more negative subjective birth experience and more severe CB-PTSD symptoms. The findings emphasize the need to address mistreatment and discrimination during childbirth for both parents, in general and as potential risk factors for adverse outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".