Being Ithna Asheri: Khoja Shia Ithna Asheri Girls, the International School of Tanganyika and Segregation in Postcolonial Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examines segregation in postcolonial Dar es Salaam through the lens of girlhood by focusing on Khoja Shia Ithna Asheri (Ithna Asheri) women's experiences of being students at the city's most diverse and prestigious school, the International School of Tanganyika (IST), from the 1980s to the early 2000s. The study argues that longstanding and evolving racial, class and inter‐Asian segregation entrenched religious‐based gender segregation for Ithna Asheri girls. The entanglement of continuing colonial‐era racial and ethnic segregation, the post‐independence state's anti‐segregationist socialist policies and the Ithna Asheri community's endorsement of Islamic purdah in the 1980s yielded an Ithna Asheri girlhood respectability that was gender‐segregationist, restricting Ithna Asheri girls’ social autonomy. The study also contends that the manifestation of purdah was powerful but not hegemonic. IST Ithna Asheri girls pushed against segregationist boundaries to pursue undertakings they aspired to, as well as practice Ithna Asherism according to their preferences. IST Ithna Asheri girls’ actions impacted Ithna Asheri girlhood respectability and forged greater gender, racial, ethnic and class integration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".