Coconut shell fiber for reinforcing lime-stabilized soil: A sustainable approach to improve resilience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lime-stabilized soils often exhibit brittleness and limited durability under environmental loading. This study investigates coconut shell fiber (CSF) as a sustainable, cost-effective reinforcement for enhancing mechanical and durability performance of lime-stabilized clayey soil. Laboratory tests with 1–9% lime and 0.25–1.0% CSF assessed compaction, permeability, strength, wet–dry and freeze–thaw durability, and microstructure. The results show that permeability decreased from 8.0×10⁻⁸ to 3.0×10⁻⁸ cm/s with 9% lime, but rose slightly to 5.0×10⁻⁸ cm/s at 0.75% CSF. Optimum performance was at 3% lime, 3 cm fiber length, and 0.75% CSF, yielding UCS of 4795.7 kPa and tensile strength of 9.0 Pa after curing 60 days. CSF addition transformed failure from brittle to ductile and enhanced long-term strength. After the first wet–dry cycle, UCS increased 30.9–53.4% for lime-only and 61.7–79.9% for CSF-reinforced specimens. After six cycles, UCS and mass losses were 40.0–71.3% and 6.2–31.1% (lime-only) versus 18.0–53.4% and 5.0–29.9% (CSF-reinforced). Under freeze–thaw, UCS losses were 6.3–62.3% (lime-only) and 5.9–54.5% (CSF-reinforced). Microstructural analysis showed improved matrix integrity, reduced porosity, and greater hydration product formation with CSF. Overall, CSF improved strength by up to 89.9% under standard curing, 58.0% under freeze–thaw, and 112.2% under wet–dry conditions, demonstrating its effectiveness as a low-carbon reinforcement for resilient infrastructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".