Monthly differences in the movement ecology of lake whitefish ( <scp> <i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i> </scp> ) in eastern Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lake whitefish are a cold-water species that holds cultural and economic importance throughout the Great Lakes region. Anthropogenic stressors over the last 60 years (e.g., invasive species, habitat degradation, and pollution) have caused significant declines in their populations. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge on the spatial ecology and habitat use of the species in Lake Ontario. Therefore, we used acoustic telemetry to quantify horizontal and vertical habitat use by lake whitefish over a 3-year period (2021-2024) in Lake Ontario. We also evaluated seasonal changes in bottom-oriented versus suspended behaviours. Lake whitefish were heavily concentrated along the central Duck-Galloo Ridge and in 20-30 m during periods of stratification (June to September), while their distribution shifted to the south shore of Prince Edward County and 10-25 m during isothermal conditions (non-stratified; October to May) and for spawning. During the isothermal period, lake whitefish exhibited a predominantly bottom-oriented behaviour; during stratification, they exhibited both suspended and bottom-oriented behaviours. These differences in vertical and horizontal distribution may be driven by changes in thermal habitats and/or prey; however, further exploration is needed. Ongoing ecological change may influence lake whitefish distribution and behaviours, necessitating changes to monitoring and/or management that accounts for observed behaviours.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".