Identification of poultry commensal bacteria with the ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in co-culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The widespread increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in agriculture has led to an interest in improving the competitive exclusion ability of the microbiota in livestock through the application of probiotics. In this study, we examined a collection of gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy chickens for their ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. METHODS: Twenty-five bacteria isolated from healthy chickens were mixed at a 1:1 or a 10:1 ratio with S. enterica ser. Typhimurium and grown overnight in co-culture on a solid media that contained bile salt. The S. enterica in each co-culture was quantified using on Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) to determine which isolates can inhibit the growth of S. enterica in vitro. Isolates that showed inhibitory action against S. enterica ser. Typhimurium were further analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify potential mechanisms. The WGS analysis, included using a variety of tools to identify potential mechanisms of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium antagonism. RESULT: Three bacterial isolates: Alcaligenes faecalis Ae-14, Citrobacter braakii J-D0-20, and Escherichia ruysiae J-D0-44 significantly reduced the growth of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium in co-culture. Growth inhibition was most pronounced during the exponential growth phase. Sequence analysis revealed that the potential mechanisms of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium inhibition by C. braakii J-D0-20 and E.ruysiae J-D0-44 could be through T6SS-mediated competition, bacteriocin (carocin D) production, having a similar quorum sensing system, or by competition for similar nutrients. The potential antagonistic mechanisms for A. faecalis Ae-14 were unclear. CONCLUSION: Some bacteria, found naturally in the fecal material of healthy chickens, are capable inhibiting the growth of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium in co-culture and should be further investigated as potential probiotic prophylactics to provide protection against S. enterica ser. Typhimurium infections.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".