Exploring the gut–kidney axis: possible connection between gastrointestinal and renal disorders in dromedary camels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and renal dysfunction are common and clinically significant conditions in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius ). However, their interrelationship—representing the gut–renal axis—remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between GI disorders and renal function in camels using biochemical, ultrasonographic, and causal modeling approaches. Methods Seventy camels were examined, including 49 with GI disorders and 21 clinically healthy controls. Affected camels were categorized as Group 1 (intestinal obstruction, n = 22), Group 2 (GI impaction, n = 20), and Group 3 (chronic diarrhea, n = 7). Clinical evaluation, ultrasonography of the GI and urinary tracts, and biochemical analyses of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were performed. Simple linear regression was used to model associations between GI disorders and renal biomarkers. Directed acyclic graphs were applied to identify potential mediators—hematocrit, total protein, sodium, potassium, albumin, globulin, and phosphorus—and estimate total and direct effects. Results Compared with controls, camels in Groups 1–3 had significantly elevated BUN (2.2-, 1.9-, and 2.6-fold) and creatinine (2.4-, 2.7-, and 3.0-fold) concentrations. Adjustment for mediators produced minimal change, suggesting robust and independent associations between GI disorders and renal impairment. Ultrasonographic findings supported these results: intestinal obstruction showed distended loops with reduced motility; impaction exhibited hyperechogenic rumen contents; and chronic diarrhea was associated with mucosal thickening, increased peristalsis, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Discussion Gastrointestinal disorders in dromedary camels are strongly linked to renal dysfunction, as evidenced by consistent biochemical and ultrasonographic abnormalities. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the gut–renal axis in camels and emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of GI disorders to prevent secondary renal complications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".