EFFECTS OF DARTING DURATION FOR ANESTHETIC INDUCTION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ANESTHESIA IN SANCTUARY CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many African sanctuaries, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are darted for anesthesia induction to enable large-scale health examinations. This study evaluated the impact of prolonged darting duration on physiological parameters and anesthesia in 71 healthy sanctuary chimpanzees (41 males; 30 females) over a three-week period. Animals were darted with tiletamine-zolazepam (1.5–2.0 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.015–0.02 mg/kg) IM; ketamine (1–2 mg/kg IM/IV) was hand-injected for maintenance, if required. Age, body weight (BW), preanesthetic activity score (PAS), darting duration, induction milestones, anesthetic time, and procedure duration were recorded. HR, RR, T, systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured approx. every 5 min. Individuals were grouped by darting duration: A (< 2 min; n = 12), B (2 < 5.5 min; n = 27), C (5.5 < 10.5 min; n = 13), and D (10.5 < 25 min; n = 14), and by age: juvenile (n = 6), adolescent (n = 15), adult (n = 33), geriatric (n = 16). Median PAS was 3 (1–4), darting duration 4.0 min (0.5–23), time to first effects, light, and surgical anesthesia, and first blood pressure measurement were 2.0 (1.0–6.0), 5.0 (2.0–17.0), 8.0 (5.0–19.0), and 12.0 (8.0–28.0) min, respectively. Darting time did not significantly affect induction milestones, anesthetic time, procedure duration, or physiological parameters, except for SBP and DBP, which were higher in group D (P = 0.030 and P = 0.034, respectively) than groups A–C. PAS was positively correlated with darting time (ρ = 0.289, P = 0.015). Males had higher BW (P < 0.001), SBP and PAS (P = 0.035). Age class had no significant effect on darting duration or anesthesia, but adolescents had higher SBP and DBP (P = 0.014 and 0.004, respectively). Sanctuaries should adopt strategies to limit darting duration to ≤10 min to improve chimpanzee welfare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".