The Effect of Motor Imagery Ability on Function and Proprioception in Myoelectric Prosthesis Users: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Motor imagery ability (MIA) is a critical cognitive process that enables the mental simulation of movements, facilitating skill acquisition in the use of myoelectric prostheses and their effective control in individuals who have undergone amputation. Although MIA is essential, its impact on upper extremity function and proprioception in myoelectric prosthesis users remains insufficiently studied. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate MIA in individuals who have undergone transradial amputation and use myoelectric prostheses, compare it with a healthy control group, and examine its association with upper extremity functionality and proprioception. METHODS: This cross-sectional study will include 15 individuals who have undergone transradial amputation (aged 18-65 y) and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, recruited from prosthetics and orthotics centers in Istanbul, Turkey. Assessments will include MIA, hand mental rotation, upper extremity function, and proprioception. MIA will be measured using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 and the Mental Chronometry Test. Hand mental rotation ability will be assessed via the Orientate mobile app. Upper extremity function will be evaluated using the Box and Block Test; Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test; and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. Proprioception will be assessed through joint position sense measurements. All data will undergo appropriate statistical analyses. RESULTS: Data collection began following funding from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey on April 25, 2025. As of November 2025, 8 participants with transradial amputation and 8 healthy controls have been recruited. Assessments are ongoing, and study completion is expected by June 2026. CONCLUSIONS: This study will evaluate MIA in individuals who have undergone transradial amputation and use myoelectric prostheses and explore its relationship with upper extremity function and proprioception. The findings are expected to guide the development of targeted rehabilitation strategies, particularly those incorporating motor imagery-based training for this population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/83787.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".