Field trials of the novel varroacide, 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene, against Varroa destructor in Western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an ectoparasite of western honey bees (Apis mellifera), substantially damaging managed colonies worldwide. Various chemical "varroacides" have been developed to help beekeepers combat infestations of these mites. Nevertheless, treatments may induce non-target toxicity in bees and humans, and their application can be laborious and hazardous. Moreover, widespread varroacide usage has seen the emergence of resistant mite populations, necessitating the need for new treatment options. The dialkoxybenzene, 1-allyloxy-4-propoxybenzene (codenamed 3c{3,6}), has previously been shown to induce paralysis and death of varroa in laboratory experiments, and capable of reducing varroa infestations in full-sized bee colonies. Our study sought to comprehensively investigate 3c{3,6} as a varroacide by optimizing dosages, treatment schedules and application methods across two sets of parallel experiments in Western Canada. Colonies treated with 3c{3,6} were compared to untreated negative controls and positive control colonies treated with the thymol-based commercial product, Thymovar. Across all experiments, 3c{3,6} had mite-killing efficacy comparable to Thymovar, being consistently greater than the untreated colonies, though efficacy varied between years. Treatment with 3c{3,6} did not impact food stores or bee populations. As treatment efficacy varied with dosage and application method, additional studies will be required to optimize 3c{3,6} treatment regimens for potential commercial use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".