Clinical outcomes and healthcare resource use in triple-class exposed patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) alone or in combination form the backbone of multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, yet MM remains incurable requiring further lines of therapy (LOT). This study investigated real-world treatment patterns, clinical outcomes, and healthcare utilization among triple-class exposed (TCE) patients initiating subsequent LOTs. METHODS: TCE patients receiving additional LOTs (January 2012-December 2022) in the Alberta Health System databases were included. RESULTS: Median age among 221 TCE patients requiring subsequent LOT was 70 years. MAbs (42%) and IMiDs (51%) were the most common drug classes incorporated as first and second LOT, respectively. After first LOT, attrition rate was 32%. From first LOT, median time to next treatment or death (TTNT-D) was 10.1 (95% confidence interval: 8.4-13.3) months, median TTNT was 18.1 (15.6-22.4) months and overall survival was 18.7 (16.0-24.3) months. Within first year of subsequent LOT, patients had a median of 1 emergency department visit, 1 hospitalization, 33 clinic visits, 4 infusion appointments, 37 unique healthcare encounters, and a mean of 32 days spent on laboratory tests. CONCLUSION: Treatment for TCE patients has limited effectiveness and a high healthcare system burden, emphasizing the unmet need for therapies with novel mechanisms of action.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".