Analytical Examination of the Position of the Presumption of Guilt in Iranian and Canadian Criminal Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the most prominent legal principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the presumption of innocence, explicitly stated in Article 37: “The principle is innocence, and no one is considered guilty under the law unless their crime is proven in a competent court.” However, subject to certain exceptions, deviation from the presumption of innocence is recognized under the notion of the presumption of guilt. In both Iranian laws—particularly the Islamic Penal Code—and Canadian criminal law, there exist instances in which, contrary to the presumption of innocence, the defendant must provide evidence to prove their own innocence. Nevertheless, in order to safeguard justice and fairness, the reversal of the burden of proof must remain an exceptional measure, confined to cases explicitly stipulated by law, and it must always be possible to rebut such a presumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".