Foods and Dietary Intakes and the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CONTEXT: Evidence suggests a link between diet and Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to examine the association of food-group intakes and dietary patterns with PD incidence. DATA SOURCES: After searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, 29 cohort studies with 1 307 337 participants met the eligibility criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Quantitative exposure levels and the most adjusted risk estimates and 95% CIs were extracted. DATA ANALYSIS: Linear and nonlinear dose-response analyses and highest vs lowest intake comparisons were conducted using STATA and RevMan. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa quality-assessment tool. RESULTS: Dairy, low-fat dairy, milk, and cheese indicated a positive dose-response association with PD risk. High consumption of dairy, low-fat dairy, and milk demonstrated 26% (odd ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.12-1.41), 30% (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.06-1.58), and 23% (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43) increased PD risk compared with the lowest intake categories, respectively. Linear dose-response analysis showed a 5%-7% increased risk for every 100-g/day dairy and low-fat dairy intake, 4% increased risk per 10-g cheese/day, and 13% increased risk per 1 cup milk/day. Sex-based subgroup analysis revealed stronger associations in men for dairy and, to a lesser extent, for low-fat dairy, milk, yogurt, and cheese. Legumes/nuts were the only group that showed a reduced PD risk (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62-0.81). Both healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns showed dose-response associations with PD risk. Also, in the highest vs lowest comparison, adherence to healthy diets was associated with a 37% reduction in PD risk (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.54-0.74), while adherence to unhealthy diets was linked to a 40% increased PD risk (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.07-1.83). CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of diet in the prevention or development of PD. While adherence to healthy diets was associated with reduced PD risk, dairy consumption, despite being part of healthy diets, was linked to increased risk, highlighting the need for more nuanced dietary guidance. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO no. CRD420251026654.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".