New insights on the development of sustainable pervious concrete using sand replacing paste volume – technical, economical, and environmental analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several studies in the literature report the use of fine aggregates in pervious concrete. In all reported cases, pervious concrete (PC) consistently demonstrates a reduction in the total porosity, leading to changes in hydraulic and mechanical properties. This could compromise the desired material efficiency, leading to a reduction in its environmental efficiency. In this laboratorial-scale study, the feasibility of producing sustainable PC by partially replacing paste volume by sand, in percentages up to 59%, without significant alteration in the total porosity was assessed. A fixed-porosity methodology was employed, adjusting cement paste volume to maintain constant total porosity across mixtures, regardless of sand incorporation levels. This methodological advance could provide new insights into the production of sustainable PC, and highlights the precise effect of sand on its mechanical and hydraulic properties, as well as its economic and environmental aspects. Obtained results demonstrated the fixed-porosity methodology could be considered a powerful tool to evaluate the effect of fine aggregates in PC, contributing to the development of more sustainable solutions. Specifically, the feasibility of producing PC with sand replacing paste volume up to 38% without changes in the total porosity was demonstrated. The OPC consumption was reduced by approximately 100 kg/m 3 , costs were reduced up to 25% while maintaining compressive strength and GHG emissions were reduced between 16.7-30-7% when compared to conventional PC. • Paste volume can be replaced up to 38% by sand in pervious concrete without significant changes in physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties; • About 100 kg/m 3 of Portland cement can be saved using sand without changes in the mechanical properties; • A reduction of up to 25% in the production cost of pervious concrete using sand replacing paste volume was achieved; • Significant improvements in the sustainability of pervious concrete were yielded. • Multi-criteria evaluation demonstrates that coarse aggregate grain size influences the optimum fine aggregate content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".