Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic interesterification of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil and docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to produce structured lipids (SLs) enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by enzymatic interesterification of a medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) oil and docosahexaenoic acid single cell oil (DHASCO), using immobilized lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) and Candida rugosa (CR). The enzymes were screened for their effectiveness, and optimal conditions were employed to evaluate their ability to incorporate DHA or medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) into the triacylglycerol backbone. Fatty acid composition, regiospecific distribution, and oxidative stability were assessed in both the original and structured lipids. Structured lipids were prepared under ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic interesterification, and their oxidative stability was evaluated using conjugated dienes (CD) and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. The results indicated that after 1 h of incubation, DHA content in the resultant product was reduced to 31.22% and 32.66% with TL and CR lipases, respectively. For MCFAs, long chain saturated fatty acids (LC-SFAs) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), the amounts were 35.29%, 15.91% and 15.06% (TL: Thermomyces lanuginosus ), and 25.92%, 20.04% and 17.83% (CR: Candida rugosa ), respectively. In DHASCO, DHA was predominantly esterified to the sn-2 position, while MCFAs occupied mainly the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. In MCT, MCFAs were esterified to all positions, but as the chain length increased from C8 to C16, saturated FAs decreased in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions but not in the sn-3 position. In novel structured lipids so produced, DHA was mainly attached to the sn-2 position, with C8:0 to C16:0 esterified to sn-1,3 positions. Enzymatically modified oil generally had higher CD and TBARS values compared to their unmodified counterparts. These findings demonstrate potential for rational design of structured lipids, offering a venue to tailor their composition and enhanced potential nutritional value. Graphical Abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".