Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescent Protein for Biliverdin Biosensing with a Hydrogel Scaffold
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the first infrared fluorescent protein engineered from a bilin reductase scaffold. Unlike existing near-infrared fluorescent proteins, which are derived from photoreceptor domains, our design is based on phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA), an enzyme that normally catalyzes the reduction of biliverdin (BV) to phycocyanobilin. By disabling its catalytic activity and remodeling its chromophore-binding pocket, we repurposed PcyA to stably accommodate BV as a fluorescent chromophore, generating a BV reporter with infrared output (BRIO). Finally, we demonstrated that hydrogel-encapsulated BRIO-expressing cells can serve as an inexpensive and robust platform for BV detection in biological samples. This work expands the landscape of fluorescent protein design beyond photoreceptors, demonstrating that metabolic enzymes can be reprogrammed into bright fluorescent reporters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".