Neuronal and Motor Activity in the Basal Ganglia During a Synchronization-Continuation Hand Tapping Task in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN is used for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients refractory to medications. One symptom that is not significantly improved by DBS is freezing of gait (FoG) which, is implicated in performance in the synchronization-continuation task (SCT). The SCT consists of tapping in time with an external cue (like a metronome) and then continuing to tap without the external cue, requiring a shift from external to internal representations of rhythm. Studies have shown that patients with PD exhibit motor hastening in the continuation phase, with higher magnitude of hastening correlated to severity of FoG. To better understand the relationship between rhythmic control in the STN, medication, and DBS, 15 PD patients underwent the SCT while having both their motor behaviour and neural activity recorded.Method: Patients with DBS leads implanted in the STN underwent testing in four different conditions: M1S1 (Med ON/Stim ON), M0S0 (Med OFF/Stim OFF), M1S0 (Med ON/Stim OFF), and M0S1 (Med OFF/Stim ON), with Med OFF defined as 12hr off anti-Parkinson medication. Motor data was recorded using a triaxial accelerometer or a piezoelectric force detection device. Neural activity in the form of local field potentials was recorded using the PerceptTM technology.Results: Preliminary analysis of 3 patients showed motor hastening across all conditions, with greater magnitude in M0S0 (0.20 Hz) than M1S1 (0.12 Hz). Beta power was elevated in OFF states and reduced by medication or stimulation, while peak frequencies remained stable. In M0S0, beta power was highest during the listening phase, suggesting desynchronization with motor initiation.Discussion: Our findings align with prior reports of motor hastening in PD during the SCT. The greater hastening observed in M0S0 compared to M1S1 suggests that medication and DBS may help stabilize rhythmic motor output, while future analyses of M1S0 and M0S1 will clarify their individual effects. Spectral results also showed elevated beta power in M0S0 and suppression with medication or stimulation, consistent with existing literature.Conclusions: The results thus far confirm that motor hastening in the SCT is a common experience for patients with PD, and indicate that dopaminergic medication and DBS may help to reduce the degree of hastening. Additionally, the differences in beta oscillatory power across the different phases of the SCT, when combined with the behavioural results of the SCT, may help to better describe the role of the STN in rhythmic control, and how it is affected by PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".