Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the return-to-sport scale after shoulder instability in Iranian athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psychological readiness is critical for successful return to sport (RTS) after shoulder instability, yet no validated Persian-language tool exists for this purpose. This study aimed to translate, adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian Shoulder Instability–Return to Sport Index (SI-RSI-Pr) in Iranian athletes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 93 athletes (mean age = 27.8 ± 5.0 years) with unilateral shoulder instability. The SI-RSI-Pr was translated using forward–backward procedures. Structural validity was assessed via exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Construct validity was evaluated through correlations with the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-17), and Walch-Duplay Score (WDS). Known-groups validity compared athletes who returned to sport versus those who did not. Reliability was tested via internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) and test–retest reliability (ICC) over a 7–10-day interval. RESULTS: EFA confirmed a three-factor structure (Confidence in RTS, Fear and Anxiety about RTS, Psychological Burden of RTS), explaining 78% of variance with strong factor loadings (0.744–0.955) and good model fit (RMSEA = 0.070, TLI = 0.966). The SI-RSI-Pr showed high internal consistency (α = 0.89–0.94) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.90–0.95). Construct validity was supported by correlations with WDS (r = 0.74), TSK-17 (r = -0.58), and WOSI (r = -0.57). Known-groups validity was confirmed, distinguishing returners from non-returners (AUC = 0.765, cut-off = 61.67, specificity = 92.86%). The scale exhibited strong feasibility and minimal floor/ceiling effects. CONCLUSIONS: The SI-RSI-Pr, rigorously adapted for Persian-speaking athletes, is a reliable and valid tool for assessing psychological readiness to RTS after shoulder instability, supporting return-to-sport decisions in Persian-speaking athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".