Multiple solvothermal additions of 1-octadecylamine on fullerene C <sub>60</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incorporation of new functionalities on the C60 fullerene aims to facilitate its handling and application, as well as to modify some physicochemical properties of interest. In the present study, the multiple functionalization of the C60 fullerene was investigated by the addition of 1-octadecylamine (ODA) through a solvothermal reaction in toluene. The treatment caused changes in the physical appearance of C60, going from a black powder to a lumpy solid, which reflected significant structural alterations. A change in the dispersion of C60 was observed, highlighting a greater solubility in propanol for the functionalized samples. UV-visible, Fourier-transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy spectroscopic characterizations confirmed the incorporation of ODA, evidencing modifications in the absorption bands, the appearance of new vibrational signals and the formation of larger agglomerates. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a decrease in the thermal stability of the functionalized C60, and allowed the calculation of the average number of amines added to C60 as a function of the concentration of ODA used in the reaction. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed the distribution of functionalized species according to the concentration of ODA, similarly to TGA analysis. Meanwhile, theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) confirmed the energetic viability of the multiple addition, as well as the possible addition sites of ODA and the stability of the polyadducts formed. These results suggest a direct relationship between the concentration of ODA and the degree of functionalization, observing a saturation of the functionalization with four molecules of ODA. The findings in this work lay the foundation for future research aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions and improving the selectivity in the formation of polyadducts with the C60 fullerene.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".