Biological Activities Underlying the Cardiovascular Benefits of Olive Oil Polyphenols: Focus on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Atherogenic Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols are recognized for their beneficial effects on human health, yet how their concentration shapes biological outcomes remains insufficiently explored. While a daily intake of 25 mL EVOO is generally regarded as beneficial for cardiovascular protection, the high-phenolic EVOO examined in this study contains markedly higher levels of polyphenols than most EVOOs reported previously. This suggests that oils richer in polyphenols may exert distinct biological effects. To investigate this, we compared extracts from a standard EVOO and a naturally high-phenolic EVOO, along with their key phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (Tyr). Antioxidant effects were assessed by quantifying intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in THP-1-derived macrophages stimulated with LPS by analyzing inflammatory surface markers' expression, cytokines' production, and the NLRP3-inflammasome pathway. Atheroprotective potential was investigated by measuring cholesterol efflux in J774 macrophages. Both EVOO polyphenols extracts and (HT and Tyr) significantly reduced ROS and lipid peroxidation. High phenolic EVOO extract (EVOOPE+) displayed superior antioxidant activity at lower concentrations, while standard EVOO phenolic extract (EVOOPE) showed more consistent effects across doses. Both extracts favored an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, as indicated by increased CD163 and IL-10 expression and reduced CD86, IFN-α, and NLRP3. Moreover, all treatments enhanced cholesterol efflux in a dose-dependent manner, with EVOOPE+ and HT producing the strongest effects. Collectively, these results highlight the capacity of EVOO polyphenols to modulate, through key bioactivity mechanisms, cardioprotective effects and emphasize the importance of polyphenols concentration in their biological efficacy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".