The role of the first interpersonal trauma exposure’s developmental period on fear regulation processes among adult women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Interpersonal trauma is associated with a higher risk of developing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma exposure. PTSD, which is more prevalent among women, is characterised by heightened fear and difficulties regulating it. Although fear regulation deficits in PTSD are well documented, considerable variability exists in how individuals learn and regulate fear. Brain regions involved in fear learning and regulation follow distinct developmental trajectories and are more sensitive to stress at certain timepoints. As exposure to severe stress (e.g. trauma) could influence the development and/or functioning of brain regions involved in fear learning and regulation, the timing of such exposure may potentially induce differential effects.Objective: This study explores the association between the developmental period – childhood (0–11 years), adolescence (12–17 years), adulthood (18 years and older) – during which the first interpersonal trauma occurred, and fear learning and regulation processes in a sample of adult women.Methods: Ninety-five women with a history of interpersonal trauma reported their age at first exposure and underwent a validated two-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol (conditioning and extinction on one day, followed by extinction memory recall 24 h later). Skin conductance responses (SCR) were used to index physiological fear levels.Results: During fear conditioning and extinction, no group differences emerged. During the early phase of extinction memory recall, women whose first trauma occurred during adolescence or adulthood showed higher SCRs than those exposed during childhood (Time × Trauma age group: F(6, 2078.05) = 7.78, p < .001).Conclusion: These findings suggest that the developmental timing of trauma exposure influences fear regulation in adulthood, highlighting potential windows of vulnerability that could inform targeted interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".