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Record W4416397134 · doi:10.1142/s2345737625400019

Extreme Weather Warnings: Perspectives on the Role of Broadcast Meteorologists

2025· article· en· W4416397134 on OpenAlex
Nirupama Agrawal, Jennifer Spinney

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Extreme Events · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicMeteorological Phenomena and Simulations
Canadian institutionsYork University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsTornadoExtreme weatherDamagesWarning systemFlood mythFlooding (psychology)Severe weatherNews media

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

A common theme across the globe is off-the-mark extreme weather warnings that lead to significant social, economic, physical, and environmental damages and, more broadly, the loss of public trust. The question is, how can the weather warning system be improved? The study is based on recent extreme weather-related warnings in Canada, including the 2021 tornado warning in Barrie, Ontario [CBC News (2021). Barrie, Ont., devastated by tornado that left 5-kilometre-long path of destruction, CBC News, Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/barrie-tornado-ef-2-clean-up-1.6105258 .], the 2021 severe flooding due to atmospheric river phenomenon in British Columbia [Vancouver S (2021). Significant atmospheric river causing rainfall warnings across southern BC. Retrieved from https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/significant-atmospheric-river-causing-rainfall-warnings-across-southern-b-c .], the 2023 tornado warning in Ottawa, ON [CBC News (2023). Tornado in Barrhaven damages about 125 homes, CBC News, Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/tornado-ottawa-barrhaven-july-13-1.6905782 .], and in 2023, flood alerts were found to be confusing and distracting in response efforts in Nova Scotia. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), a federal agency, monitors weather through instruments, radar, and satellite coverage. News outlets, media platforms, emergency management professionals and other stakeholders use this information in their work, functions and services. This research attempts to identify root causes for inefficiencies and areas for improvement in the Canadian system of extreme weather forecasting and warnings and their communication to the public. The approach to achieve this objective includes examining the current warning system, reviewing the fundamentals of risk communication, and in-depth interviews with broadcast meteorologists who routinely deliver the weather to the public across Canada.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.060
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.038
GPT teacher head0.248
Teacher spread0.210 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it