Comparative parameters of travel behavior in medium-sized cities (Case study: Bandung, Indonesia, and Kuantan, Malaysia)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The analysis of travel behavior constitutes a fundamental component in urban transportation studies. This study examines Bandung, Indonesia, and Kuantan, Malaysia, as representative medium-sized cities with distinct road network typologies: radial-concentric in Bandung and corridor-based in Kuantan. A systematic literature review was employed to identify ten parameters of travel behavior, which were further evaluated using descriptive comparison, SWOT analysis, and radar chart visualization. The findings indicate that Bandung’s transport system is primarily dominated by paratransit and ride-sourcing services, which provide substantial flexibility and local accessibility. However, the system is constrained by weaknesses in reliability, comfort, safety, and integration with formal modes. In contrast, Kuantan demonstrates relative strengths through its formalized bus system (Rapid Kuantan), which ensures standardized fares, higher comfort levels, and improved safety, although challenges remain in terms of flexibility, last-mile connectivity, and schedule adherence. SWOT analysis underscores complementary opportunities, with Bandung requiring formalization and digital integration of paratransit, while Kuantan could enhance adaptability through feeder and microtransit services. The radar chart highlights a trade-off between flexibility and service quality, confirming that medium-sized cities must balance these dimensions. Overall, the study develops a transferable ten- parameter framework for comparative assessment of travel behavior, contributing to transport planning strategies in rapidly urbanizing contexts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".