Fabrication and characterization of bio-composite films from gelatin capsule waste reinforced with biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Cha-Kram leaf extract
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Gelatin capsule waste was converted into biodegradable biopolymer films • Biosynthesized ZnONPs from Cha-Kram leaf extract exhibit biological activity • Biosynthesized ZnONPs addition enhanced film properties • Bio-nanocomposite films are categorized as a novel type of active films • Bio-nanocomposite films fully biodegrade within 15 days in soil Biopolymer-based films present a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics; however, their practical use is often limited by poor material properties. This study investigated the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Cha-Kram ( Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort) leaf extract and their incorporation (0-2% w/v) into biopolymer films derived from gelatin capsule waste to enhance material performance. The structural and chemical properties of the synthesized ZnONPs were confirmed using UV–Vis spectroscopy, while field-emission transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a rod-like morphology with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 300 nm. The ZnONPs displayed strong antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 1.11-2.66 mm against both Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and antioxidant activity of 43.5% DPPH radical scavenging activity. In film applications, the ZnONPs enhanced thickness from 0.254 to 0.332 mm, tensile strength from 3.72 to 6.32 MPa, and thermal stability, while also contributing to more opaqueness. Additionally, their incorporation imparted antioxidant and antibacterial properties, effectively inhibiting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy showed peak shifts and pattern changes, confirming the interactions between proteins and the ZnONPs. Notably, the ZnONPs infused films underwent complete degradation within 15 days under soil burial conditions. These findings demonstrated the potential of ZnONPs films for active packaging and the feasibility of using gelatin capsule waste for sustainable, biodegradable film production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".