Association Between Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Neurocognitive Performance in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Various studies have shown that sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is associated with neurocognitive impairment among childhood cancer survivors, though prior studies are limited by small sample sizes and inconsistent methods. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify neurocognitive differences between survivors with severe SNHL (s-SNHL) and those without. METHODS: Studies were included if they evaluated childhood cancer survivors (diagnosed ≤ 21 years), were ≥ 2 years posttreatment, received cranial radiation and/or platinum-based chemotherapy, used validated neurocognitive tests, and included survivors with and without SNHL. Methods and reporting adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Embase. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We collected study details, including authors, year, neurocognitive tests used, sample sizes, and group scores (means and standard deviations [SD]). Pooled mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using standard scores (mean = 100, SD = 15) and random-effects models. RESULTS: Of 1012 records identified, nine studies were included in the analyses, with 503 childhood cancer survivors with s-SNHL and 1553 survivors without s-SNHL. Compared to survivors without s-SNHL, survivors with s-SNHL scored lower on measures of overall intellectual functioning (MD = -8.1, 95% CI = -10.0, -6.2), verbal reasoning (MD = -9.7, 95% CI = -11.4, -7.9), perceptual reasoning (MD = -6.6, 95% CI = -11.1, -2.1), working memory (MD = -5.3, 95% CI = -7.1, -3.4), processing speed (MD = -6.3, 95% CI = -9.9, -2.6), short-term visual memory (MD = -6.0, 95% CI = -8.2, -3.7), and reading (MD = -6.2, 95% CI = -7.9, -4.5). CONCLUSIONS: Severe SNHL is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits in childhood cancer survivors. Routine hearing screening and timely neurocognitive assessments are recommended to identify and address these impairments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42023440952.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.016 | 0.035 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".