Diagnostic and prognostic utility of heart-type fatty acid binding proteins in cardiovascular diseases and risk factors − an updated review of the literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular lipid-binding proteins that significantly contribute to the transport and metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. In this review, we focus on the role of heart-type FABP (H-FABPs) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in several cardiovascular diseases. Despite its advantages over troponins and other cardiac biomarkers, H-FABP remains underutilized in clinical practice. The aim of this review is to reassess the role of H-FABPs across various cardiovascular pathologies and promote their adoption into standard clinical practice. Elevated H-FABP levels have been associated with worse outcomes in CAD and serve as sensitive markers for myocardial injury during the early stages of MI and reperfusion. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of H-FABPs in risk stratification for stable CAD and their utility in predicting long-term outcomes post-MI. The prognostic value of H-FABP in cardiac events such as heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and arrhythmias, alongside its application in peripheral arterial disease and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, highlights its importance in cardiovascular medicine. Given the global burden of cardiovascular diseases, understanding and utilising H-FABPs could enhance patient management through better risk assessment and early diagnosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".