High-gain observer-based output feedback control of electromagnetic deformable mirrors considering unknown dynamic coupling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The deformable mirror (DM) plays a critical role in adaptive optical systems. Its dynamic behaviour is inherently complex due to nonlinearities, coupling effects, and position-dependent characteristics arising from multi-axis actuation and mechanical interactions. This complexity poses significant challenges for both modelling and control. This paper proposes a decoupled control strategy for a deformable mirror (DM) system with unknown dynamic coupling. The approach is based on output feedback, combining a state feedback controller with an extended high-gain observer (EHGO). The controller is designed to ensure accurate trajectory tracking, while the EHGO estimates and compensates for the unknown mechanical coupling between actuators. Each actuator is controlled independently, without the need for prior knowledge of the interactions with other actuators. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to alternative controllers. The controller achieves independent tracking for all actuators with an average maximum error below 0.18μm for fast-changing random wavefront phase and an average maximum error below 0.022μm for slow-changing random wavefront phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".