Insomnia Symptoms and Self-Injurious Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives To examine the relationship between insomnia symptoms and self-injurious behaviors (SIB) among adolescents and young adults, with a focus on the mediation effects of depression and anxiety on this association.Methods An online survey among adolescents and young adults was conducted in Xiamen City, Fujian Province, from December 2022 to May 2023. SIB was assessed using two items from Health-Related Risky Behavior Inventory. Insomnia, depressive, and anxiety symptoms were evaluated by Insomnia Severity Index, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, respectively. A structural equation model was employed to explore the mediating role of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the relationship between insomnia and SIB.Results A total of 3436 participants (Mage = 18.12 years; 58.4% female) were included in final analysis, with 707 (20.6%) reporting SIB within the past 12 months. Participants with SIB exhibited higher levels of insomnia, depressive, and anxiety symptoms compared to those without SIB. Insomnia symptoms were significantly associated with SIB (β = 0.343, p < .001). Additionally, depressive (β = 0.093, p < .001) and anxiety (β = 0.026, p = .001) symptoms mediated the relationship between insomnia symptoms and SIB. Total indirect effects accounted for 79.33% of the total effects (insomnia → SIB). However, sex did not moderate the mediation effect. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results.Conclusion Depressive and anxiety symptoms mediate the relationship between insomnia and SIB in adolescents and young adults, suggesting that insomnia may act as a transdiagnostic factor contributing to emotional dysregulation and SIB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".