In vivo 3D apical displacement of mandibular incisors and canines within the symphyseal region: A CBCT-based linear measurement technique (mm) — Validation study in five patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to develop and validate a technique that orthodontic clinicians and researchers could use to measure lower anterior teeth apical displacement through CBCT reconstructions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an in vivo study in which lower incisors, canines, and symphyses of five randomly selected patients were three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed through an automatic segmentation with a manual refinement process. All the images were generated from 0.3mm voxel size cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. A 3D coordinate system based on CBCT segmentation and landmarks allowed a spatial localization of the apices and quantification of their displacement during orthodontic treatment. The primary outcomes were the intra- and inter-reliabilities and the respective measurement errors. RESULTS: The overall results showcased good to excellent reliability for both intra- and inter-rater reliability analyses (9.91% and 7.33% measurement errors respectively). CONCLUSION: The proposed technique could be used for 3D measurements of the apical displacement of lower anterior teeth during orthodontic treatment. The identified measurement error of less than 10% is not clinically relevant in most orthodontic situations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".