Early life development of the human gut immune system 4505
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Description Early life is a critical period for generating robust immune response against harmful pathogens while simultaneously inducing tolerance to innocuous antigen. The gut is a major site for these early immune exposures, particularly in Peyer’s patches (PP), though the process in humans remains uncharacterized. Here, we examined human small intestine and associated PPs obtained from pediatric organ donors aged 0 – 10 years to investigate immune development, focusing on the T and B cell interactions, using a combination of immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA transcriptome profiling. We identified robust follicular activity characterized by early formation of germinal centers (GC) in the PP and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), which peaked at 2 years of age before declining. The proportion of class-switched memory B cells (MBC) increased in the tissues over early life. Although PP and MLN are primary sources of IgA-producing cells, a significant amount of IgG-expressing B cells was also generated. Interestingly, flow cytometry showed increases in follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg) prior to the peak in GC response. Our data indicate that, in situ, adaptive immune responses in the infants are predominantly active in the early years of life, with important implications for designing strategies for targeting mucosal responses in vaccines and immunotherapies. Funding Sources Supported by NIH AI168634, grants from the Helmsley Charitable Trust, and 2018PGV1D071. Topic Categories Hematopoiesis and Immune System Development (HEM)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".