Homosexuality-related stigma and sustained viral suppression among men who have sex with men living with HIV in Vietnam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Homosexuality-related stigma is associated with increased HIV risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low- and middle-income countries, but its impact on HIV treatment outcomes is less well understood. We examined the relationship between homosexuality-related stigma and failure to achieve sustained viral suppression among MSM on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Hanoi, Vietnam. Between 2017 and 2020, 292 MSM were diagnosed with HIV in a prospective study. Socio-demographic, behavioural, homosexuality-related stigma, and HIV treatment data were collected. Multivariable Cox regression models examined associations between enacted, perceived, internalized, overall homosexuality-related stigma, and failure to achieve sustained viral suppression. Among 226 MSM on ART for ≥ 180 days (median age 24 years; median ART duration 23 months), 197 (87.2%) achieved sustained viral suppression. High overall stigma was reported by 86 men (38.1%), including enacted (26.1%), perceived (20.8%), and internalized (25.2%) stigma. After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant associations were found between enacted, perceived, internalized, or overall homosexuality-related stigma and sustained viral suppression. We observed a high level of homosexuality-related stigma and sub-optimal sustained viral suppression in this sample of MSM on ART. Targeted interventions are needed to decrease stigma and improve treatment outcomes for MSM living with HIV in Vietnam.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".