Homosexuality-related stigma and sustained viral suppression among men who have sex with men living with HIV in Vietnam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Homosexuality-related stigma is associated with increased HIV risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low- and middle-income countries, but its impact on HIV treatment outcomes is less well understood. We examined the relationship between homosexuality-related stigma and failure to achieve sustained viral suppression among MSM on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Hanoi, Vietnam. Between 2017 and 2020, 292 MSM were diagnosed with HIV in a prospective study. Socio-demographic, behavioural, homosexuality-related stigma, and HIV treatment data were collected. Multivariable Cox regression models examined associations between enacted, perceived, internalized, overall homosexuality-related stigma, and failure to achieve sustained viral suppression. Among 226 MSM on ART for ≥ 180 days (median age 24 years; median ART duration 23 months), 197 (87.2%) achieved sustained viral suppression. High overall stigma was reported by 86 men (38.1%), including enacted (26.1%), perceived (20.8%), and internalized (25.2%) stigma. After adjusting for potential confounders, no significant associations were found between enacted, perceived, internalized, or overall homosexuality-related stigma and sustained viral suppression. We observed a high level of homosexuality-related stigma and sub-optimal sustained viral suppression in this sample of MSM on ART. Targeted interventions are needed to decrease stigma and improve treatment outcomes for MSM living with HIV in Vietnam.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".