Wild bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) visiting soybean (Fabaceae) flowers in eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Although insect pollination has been shown to enhance yields of soybean, Glycine max (Linnaeus) Merrill (Fabaceae), the lingering misconception among growers that soybean does not benefit from insect pollination hinders the adoption of pollinator-friendly practices. As such, identifying the wild pollinators visiting soybean flowers can help raise awareness of their importance in soybean production. We surveyed wild bees and wasps visiting soybean flowers and carrying soybean pollen in an extensive field crop region of southeastern Canada (Ontario and Quebec). Insects were hand-netted from 19 soybean fields while they actively foraged on soybean flowers, and their corbicular or scopal loads and body surfaces were screened for soybean pollen. A total of 81 insects (77 wild bees and four wasps), representing 18 bee and four wasp species, were collected. The majority (91.4%) carried soybean pollen, indicating a potential role in soybean pollination. Generalist bumble bees and ground-nesting bees were the most common, suggesting that management practices that support these two groups are likely to be particularly relevant for growers in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".