Valorization of red beet peel through green extraction and carrier-driven microencapsulation for improved betalain stability
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The utilization of agri-food by-products and waste is increasingly essential due to sustainability trends and global regulations. Incorporating these nutrient-rich yet underutilized materials into food production enhances both sustainability and economic efficiency. This study evaluated and compared the extraction of betalains from red beet peel (RBP) using ultrasound-, high pressure-, and pulsed electric field-assisted techniques. Sonication yielded the highest levels of total betalains (16.92 ± 0.19 mg/g DM), phenolics (60.36 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g DM), flavonoids (18.49 ± 0.19 mg CTE/g DM), and antioxidant activity (112.10 ± 0.36 μM TE/g DM). Additionally, the stability of sonicated RBP betalains was analyzed using soy protein isolate (SPI) and maltodextrin (MD) as encapsulating agents. Both effectively reduced degradation, with betalain changes fitting zero-order kinetics over 120 days. The predicted shelf-life of encapsulated extracts was 7-12 months, significantly longer than non-encapsulated extracts (5 months). These findings highlight red beet peel as a sustainable source of natural pigments, demonstrating that eco-friendly extraction combined with encapsulation can effectively enhance both the stability and shelf-life of betalains, offering promising applications in functional foods and natural colorant development.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it