Cyanobacterial Bloom Development, Nitrogen Fixation and Community Change: Insights on Rapid Change From a Shallow Lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nutrient‐rich lakes are highly susceptible to cyanobacterial blooms. During blooms, the consumption of dissolved inorganic nutrients can be rapid, but nitrogen (N) limitation can be mitigated through N 2 fixation by cyanobacterial diazotrophs. Despite the importance of N 2 fixation in many blooms, key gaps remain in our spatial and temporal understanding of N 2 fixation. We explored the trajectory of cyanobacterial bloom development by assessing phytoplankton community dynamics, N 2 fixation rates and physical and chemical conditions in a shallow, polymictic and eutrophic lake. Using high‐frequency sensors and discrete‐sampling measurements, we characterised the phases of the bloom and determined the importance of N 2 fixation to bloom development across one open water season. The pre‐bloom phase (defined as the period prior to rapid growth and biomass accrual) saw increases in cyanobacterial biomass (predominantly diazotrophic Dolichospermum flos‐aquae ), associated with annual maxima of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water temperature. Ammonium in surface water reached a peak leading up to the major bloom, following a period of stratification. With the onset of the bloom phase, high rates of N 2 fixation (up to 3.7 μg L −1 h −1 ) were observed in surface water (0.1 or 0.3 m depth) during transient thermal stratification events which coincided with peak cyanobacterial biomass and peak N 2 fixation rates. Midway through the major bloom phase, as water temperatures and PAR decreased, we observed a shift from high biomass dominated by diazotrophs to lower biomass dominated by non‐diazotrophic taxa, predominantly the lower‐light adapted taxa Planktothrix agardhii . Nuisance surface scums are often associated with blooms in this lake and were observed across all bloom phases, although scums were most prevalent during the major bloom phase, often co‐occurring with stratification. Interestingly, taxa that dominated scums differed from the taxa that dominated the shallow water column, with Dolichospermum flos‐aquae‐ dominated surface scums seen atop Planktothrix agardhii ‐dominated phytoplankton communities at 0.3 m, indicative of fine‐scale niche differentiation. Surface scums displayed a very high potential for N 2 fixation reflecting the potential for scum formation to lead to biogeochemical hotspots and hot moments. Scum events with their extremely high rates of N 2 fixation represent an under‐studied biogeochemical hotspot that may help sustain bloom conditions. Cyanobacterial blooms demonstrate extremely high spatial and temporal variability, changing in response to environmental drivers, and driven by changes caused by blooms themselves. Scums, an understudied, but frequently observed symptom of cyanobacterial blooms, can represent sites of extreme variability, and extreme biological activity, influencing bloom dynamics through potential for extremely high rates of N 2 fixation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".