Adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women with hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis primarily affecting women of reproductive age. HS may contribute to an increase of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of HS with APOs. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of observational studies examining the association of maternal HS with APOs. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL from inception to 15 March 2025 for relevant studies. No restrictions were imposed on language or geographical regions. Observational studies, including cohort and case-control designs, which examined the odds or risk of APOs among pregnant patients were considered eligible for inclusion. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects model meta-analysis using the inverse-variance-weighted method was performed. RESULTS: We included four retrospective cohort studies with 15 189 175 pregnancies. The overall risk of bias was low to unclear. The meta-analysis revealed associations of HS with APOs, including gestational diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR) 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.96], pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01-1.38), caesarean section (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.64) and postpartum haemorrhage (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.07-1.82). Regarding adverse fetal outcomes, maternal HS was significantly associated with spontaneous abortion (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.34), preterm birth (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31) and birth defects (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.11). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with HS have an increased risk of APOs, underscoring the need for coordinated care between dermatologists and obstetricians, as well as early diagnosis and intervention to mitigate potential risks to maternal health and fetal development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".