Lava effusion in mountainous terrain generates flow backup and excess inundation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most volcanic eruptions occur in high-relief terrains, however the impact of mountainous topography on lava emplacement is poorly constrained. Here we use analogue materials (syrup, glycerol) to investigate lava effusion where changes in channel width form constrictions, leading to fluid/lava backup. Backup magnitude positively correlates with high volumetric fluid/lava fluxes, high fluid/lava viscosities, and narrow constrictions. Viscosity modulates the impacts of slope: steep slopes produce the largest backups when viscosity is high ( ~ 50 Pa s), while shallow slopes produce the largest backups at low viscosities ( ~ 1.5 Pa s). Scaling experimental results to natural systems, we propose lava backup occurs due to three primary reasons: (i) obstacle-flow interaction, (ii) constriction-induced flux imbalance and (iii) choked flow caused by critical flow transition. Lavas inundating constrictive topographies are highly susceptible to backup, causing excess upstream lava inundation and prolonged downstream effusion, increasing the inundation area and extending the time that communities are at risk. Width constrictions in lava-confining topography limit the volumetric flow rate, and modelling such eruptions results in flow backup, excess upstream inundation, and prolonged downstream flow, according to an analysis that utilises experiments with analog fluids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".