Influence of Smoking on the Color Stability and Longevity of Restored Discolored Teeth with Dental Crowns: A Systematic Review
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Smoking is a well-established risk factor affecting oral health, yet its specific influence on the color stability and longevity of dental crowns restoring discolored teeth remains under- investigated. This systematic review explores how various smoking modalities, including conventional cigarettes and electronic alternatives, impact restorative materials. Objective: To evaluate the influence of smoking on the color stability and longevity of dental crowns used in the restoration of discolored teeth. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar up to [6/1/2025]. Studies involving human participants or in vitro models that assessed the impact of smoking on dental crowns in terms of color change (ΔE) or longevity were included. Data were extracted and synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity. Quality assessment was conducted using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising primarily in vitro experiments with some observational data. Conventional cigarette smoke (CS) consistently caused clinically unacceptable discoloration (ΔE>3.3) in most tested materials, particularly resin composites. Ceramic materials, such as lithium disilicate and zirconia, demonstrated greater resistance to staining. Harm-reduction products like electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products (HTPs) induced less discoloration, although effects varied by material type and surface finish. Longevity outcomes were indirectly associated with material degradation, surface roughness and plaque retention, all of which were exacerbated by smoking. Conclusion: Smoking significantly compromises the aesthetic and structural integrity of dental crowns, especially those made of resin-based materials. While newer crown materials and harm-reduction smoking alternatives may mitigate discoloration, smoking cessation remains the most effective strategy for maintaining restoration longevity and color stability.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it