Quantifying the contribution of the oil refining industry to world gross production
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper evaluates the economic impact of petroleum-refining production worldwide by using an inter-regional input-output model of the world economy and applying the Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM), which implies the fully extraction of the refining sector from the model. Our results provide a clear understanding of the importance of refined petroleum alongside its global production chain in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Quantitatively, our approach highlights the importance of petroleum in creating production in countries with the highest concentrations of refining industry (e.g. China, the United States and Russia). Qualitatively, it shows that the refining industry contributes in relative terms to a greater extent in countries with a small or modest presence in the world petroleum product (e.g. the Netherlands, Norway, and Canada). Overall, the economic impact of the refining industry is 2.45 times higher than the direct gross product for this activity, suggesting a significant role of the petroleum value chain.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it