Water Crisis by Design: Unpacking India’s Political Economy of Water Crisis Through the Marxist Framework of Environmental Justice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
India represents around 18 % of the world's population as one of the most populated countries, leaving behind China, and only 4 % of global fresh water resources for drinking water. According to the World Bank's estimates, around 163 million people face clean and fresh water availability for drinking purposes. In terms of the impact of polluted and unclean water, nearly 21 per cent of communicable diseases in India are linked to unsafe water, and around 500 children die every day due to diarrhoea. Thus, the water crisis in India is severe, and India's population is facing the worst crisis of water for drinking purposes as well as other purposes related to life and health. Despite the Constitution of India being an egalitarian document that guarantees certain fundamental rights in Parts III and IV without these guarantees and their inalienability, the scarcity of availability of fresh water or clean water has become so acute in India that billions of people, especially the underprivileged and peripheral, are deprived of their basic need for water. Without fulfilling this basic need of water, the meaning of life is meaningless, and the concept of right to life, envisaged under Article 21 of the Constitution and recognised by the judicial pronouncements, is of no practical use. This paper will deal with the fundamental question of whether the water crisis in India is by design or just incidental. In this regard, policies and laws will be briefly analysed and why the judiciary interpreted Article 21 of the Constitution to recognise the right to clean water as an integral part of the right to life in its broader sense of term and meaning. The Marxist framework of environmental justice will be adopted to unpack the political economy of the water crisis in India. The central focus of the analysis of the political economy of the water crisis will be the policies, laws, and programmes that are, by design, responsible for the water crisis, resulting in environmental injustice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".