Naphthenic Acid-Induced ROS Emissions by Rainbow Trout Mitochondria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFC) are prevalent in petrochemical wastewater, including from oil sands processing, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) emissions in isolated mitochondria. The purpose of this study was to verify if a primary carboxylic acid, the moderately hydrophobic NAFC 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid, would cause the mitochondrial ROS (hydrogen peroxide; H2O2) production and affect its consumption by mitochondria in multiple bioenergetic states. Intact mitochondria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver were exposed to commercially available 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid. The emission of ROS during States 3 and 4 respiration was quantified using fluorometry with an Oroboros fluorespirometer. Subsequently, select ROS emission sites in the mitochondrial complexes were isolated using inhibitors, and the ROS emission of each site was measured using the Amplex UltraRed-horseradish peroxidase (AUR-HRP) system. The compound 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid was equally potent in causing ROS emission in State 3 and State 4 ROS sites. The baseline (no NAFC) proportion of ROS emission by site was IIF > IQ > IIIQo > IF. The 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-acetic acid compound increased ROS emission in a dose-dependent manner at IIF with an EC50 of 0.2 mM, which was not significantly different than the State 3 and 4 Oroboros response. In contrast, there was no consistent concentration-effect response at the other three ROS sites (IQ, IIIQo, and IF). Malonate, an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, eliminated ROS production in Oroboros experiments. These findings identify site IIF as the predominant source of NAFC-stimulated ROS and provide mechanistic insight into how adamantane-type NAFCs impair mitochondrial redox balance in fishes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".